\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 "\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644" \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645. \u0633\u0646\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0643\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u2013 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628<\/strong><\/h2>\n\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0646\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647.<\/p>\n<\/div>
- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li>
- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1855\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 "\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646" \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li>
- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1889\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u2013 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/h2>\n\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/div>
- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 69 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0646.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li>
- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 34 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0646.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li>
- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n
\n- \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 28% \u064830%. (\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643).<\/li>\n
- \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0640 22%-25%. (\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0630\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062e\u0631\u0641)<\/li>\n
- \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641 18%-20%. (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e.)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0668\u0668\u0666\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627. \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062d\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0669\u0660\u0661TP\u0663T \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0662\u0660 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>
\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n<\/div>
- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 8.1% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f (5%) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 (0.006%).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li>
- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062a.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li>
- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a: \u063a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 (24%)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 (16%)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>
\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/b><\/p>\n
\u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0662\u066b\u0667 \u063a\/\u0633\u0645\u0663. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f (\u0667\u066b\u0668\u0666 \u063a\/\u0633\u0645\u0663) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 (\u0668\u066b\u0669\u0666 \u063a\/\u0633\u0645\u0663)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0641 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631<\/b> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div><\/li>- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/b><\/p>\n
\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 7075T6 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 500 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631<\/b> \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f: \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div><\/li>- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628.<\/b><\/p>\n
\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li>
- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/b><\/p>\n
\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 237 \u0648\u0627\u0637\/(\u0645\u30fb\u0643)\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631<\/b> \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621\u061f<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div><\/li>- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0642.<\/b><\/p>\n
\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0662\u0660\u0665\u0660 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631<\/b> \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div><\/li>- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/b><\/p>\n
\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631<\/b> \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div><\/li>- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/b><\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 5% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062a.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a - \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>1807-1809<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>![\"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645](\"https:\/\/www.fonnovaluminium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/aluminium-Humphrey-Davey-150x150.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
\u0647\u0645\u0641\u0631\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a<\/strong><\/a>\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631\u0629. \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631<\/b> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong><\/a> \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>1825<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>![\"\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0632](\"https:\/\/www.fonnovaluminium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Hans-Christian-Orsted-e1742269743623-150x150.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0632 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0633\u062a\u062f<\/strong><\/a> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a<\/strong> (\u0628\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>1854<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>![\"\u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a](\"https:\/\/www.fonnovaluminium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Henri_Sainte-Claire_Deville-150x150.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
\u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0625\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0644<\/strong><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/strong> \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d NaAlCl\u2084 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>1886<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>![\"\u0633\u064a](\"https:\/\/www.fonnovaluminium.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/C.M.-Hall-and-Paul.L.T.-Heroult-200x131.png\")
<\/p>\n
\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0644<\/strong><\/a> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0644 (\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0646) \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062a<\/strong><\/a> \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 (\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0644-\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062a<\/strong>) \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/strong>. \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>1888<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 (\u00a0\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0631\u063a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 <\/strong>) \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627 (\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li>
\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1855\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 "\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646" \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li>
\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1889\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u2013 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/h2>\n\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/div>
- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 69 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0646.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li>
- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 34 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0646.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li>
- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n
\n- \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 28% \u064830%. (\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643).<\/li>\n
- \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0640 22%-25%. (\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0630\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062e\u0631\u0641)<\/li>\n
- \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641 18%-20%. (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e.)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0668\u0668\u0666\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627. \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062d\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0669\u0660\u0661TP\u0663T \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0662\u0660 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>
\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n<\/div>
- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 8.1% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f (5%) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 (0.006%).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li>
- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062a.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li>
- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a: \u063a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 (24%)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 (16%)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>
\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/b><\/p>\n
\u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0662\u066b\u0667 \u063a\/\u0633\u0645\u0663. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f (\u0667\u066b\u0668\u0666 \u063a\/\u0633\u0645\u0663) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 (\u0668\u066b\u0669\u0666 \u063a\/\u0633\u0645\u0663)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0641 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631<\/b> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div><\/li>- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/b><\/p>\n
\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 7075T6 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 500 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631<\/b> \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f: \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div><\/li>- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628.<\/b><\/p>\n
\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li>
- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/b><\/p>\n
\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 237 \u0648\u0627\u0637\/(\u0645\u30fb\u0643)\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631<\/b> \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621\u061f<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div><\/li>- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0642.<\/b><\/p>\n
\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0662\u0660\u0665\u0660 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631<\/b> \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div><\/li>- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/b><\/p>\n
\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631<\/b> \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div><\/li>- <\/i><\/span>\n
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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a - \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>1807-1809<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n
\u0647\u0645\u0641\u0631\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a<\/strong><\/a>\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631\u0629. \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631<\/b> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong><\/a> \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>1825<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n
\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0632 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0633\u062a\u062f<\/strong><\/a> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a<\/strong> (\u0628\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>1854<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n
\u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0625\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0644<\/strong><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/strong> \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d NaAlCl\u2084 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>1886<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n
\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0644<\/strong><\/a> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0644 (\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0646) \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062a<\/strong><\/a> \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 (\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0644-\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062a<\/strong>) \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/strong>. \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>1888<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 (\u00a0\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0631\u063a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 <\/strong>) \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627 (\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 69 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0646.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li>
\u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 34 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0646.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li>
\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n
- \n
- \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 28% \u064830%. (\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643).<\/li>\n
- \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0640 22%-25%. (\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0630\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062e\u0631\u0641)<\/li>\n
- \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641 18%-20%. (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e.)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>
- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0668\u0668\u0666\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627. \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062d\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0669\u0660\u0661TP\u0663T \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0662\u0660 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>
\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n
\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c.<\/p>\n<\/div>
- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 8.1% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f (5%) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 (0.006%).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li>
- <\/i><\/span>
\n\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062a.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li>
- <\/i><\/span>
\n\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a: \u063a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 (24%)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 (16%)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>
\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>
- <\/i><\/span>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/b><\/p>\n
\u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0662\u066b\u0667 \u063a\/\u0633\u0645\u0663. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f (\u0667\u066b\u0668\u0666 \u063a\/\u0633\u0645\u0663) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633 (\u0668\u066b\u0669\u0666 \u063a\/\u0633\u0645\u0663)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0641 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631<\/b> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div><\/li>
- <\/i><\/span>
\n\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/b><\/p>\n
\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629 7075T6 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 500 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631<\/b> \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f: \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div><\/li>
- <\/i><\/span>
\n\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628.<\/b><\/p>\n
\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li>
- <\/i><\/span>
\n\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/b><\/p>\n
\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 237 \u0648\u0627\u0637\/(\u0645\u30fb\u0643)\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631<\/b> \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621\u061f<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div><\/li>
- <\/i><\/span>
\n\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0642.<\/b><\/p>\n
\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0662\u0660\u0665\u0660 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631<\/b> \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div><\/li>
- <\/i><\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0623.<\/b><\/p>\n
\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644.<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631<\/b> \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u061f<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div><\/li>
- <\/i><\/span>
\n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/b><\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 5% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062a.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a - \u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>1807-1809<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/p>\n\u0647\u0645\u0641\u0631\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a<\/strong><\/a>\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631\u0629. \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong> \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n
\n
\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631<\/b> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/strong><\/a> \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>1825<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/p>\n\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0647\u0627\u0646\u0632 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0633\u062a\u062f<\/strong><\/a> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a<\/strong> (\u0628\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>1854<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/p>\n\u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0625\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0644<\/strong><\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631<\/strong> \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d NaAlCl\u2084 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0647\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>1886<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>
\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/p>\n\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0644<\/strong><\/a> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0644 (\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0646) \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062a<\/strong><\/a> \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0647\u0631 (\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u0644-\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0644\u062a<\/strong>) \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631<\/strong>. \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>1888<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 (\u00a0\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0631\u063a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 <\/strong>) \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0631\u063a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639<\/strong>.<\/p>\n
\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627 (\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div> - <\/i><\/span>
- <\/i><\/span>
- <\/i><\/span>
- <\/i><\/span>